This video shows some of the student’s process, starting with a conceptual session where ideas were sketched on paper and enacted through props. A process of making followed in the wood, plastics and clay workshops where the products took shape. Finally the products are presented as experience prototypes.

Le Chef by Marius and Bilal. A product designed for the kitchen that ‘licks’ various ingredients and suggests recipes.

Poke a pig by Kjetil and Erik. A wooden pig that plays different sounds to different types of attention: a hand for petting, an apple for feeding, etc.

Star pillows by Elisa and Ane. Explored soft materials and audiovisual content for relaxing.

Musicology by Ingrid and Silje. Explored modular shapes and objects for playing playlists from last.fm.

Mood cup by Miray and Ruben. Personalised (or customisable) cups that play back different playlists from last.fm.

Musicframes by Astrid and Stine. A wall of photos each linked to a music file that has personal meaning connected to the photo.

The farm by Karin and Brynjar. An ‘Interactive storytelling space for children’ where animals crossing a river trigger sounds or audiobook content.

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RFID has the potential to enable new kinds of playful interactions in toys and consumer electronics. There are three features that make this interesting: passive RFID tags don’t require batteries, offer wireless communication and a scheme for identifying physical objects.

The lack of batteries or serviceable parts allows the use of natural materials and uninterrupted surfaces; almost any object can become part of a gaming experience (excluding metal and water in most cases).

The short-range wireless properties allow action at a distance; when objects are brought near to each other, things happen! If this is combined with natural materials there is the potential to create experiences akin to magic.

Of course the fundamental feature of RFID is enabling the consistent identification of physical objects or users/players. In this context it allows game objects with memory or for users with a consistent identity within a game space.

When combined, these features seem to offer an almost unique opportunity. How can we take these opportunities and make games, toys or playful products?

This project should work towards making immediate, simple, ‘magic’ toys, games or playful consumer electronics. Taking these various opportunities afforded by RFID it should experiment with natural materials, game structures that require unique ID’s for either game objects or players and gameplay that relies on physical objects. It should focus more on the physical end of gameplay but could also consider interfaces for screen-based experiences.

The project should create demonstrable prototypes at various levels. Simple techniques such as sketching and model-making should result in a body of visual and physical work, followed by simple experiments using RFID readers and tags. Game interaction methods should be tested out by using outsized or table-based interfaces before attempting to make 1:1 scale products.

Initial prototypes should use self-contained low frequency RFID readers and transponders (Phidgets or ID12s) but keep in mind that NFC mobile phones might also fit into this product mix at some point in the future, with the ability to download settings, upgrades, power-ups or new behaviour from the internet via the phone for instance.

References

Brio Network. “A railway system based on the metaphor for the construction of a computer. The Network-world consists of ordinary wooden railway tracks and funky, small characters that live inside your computer.”

Nabaztag/tag / Video demo “Through this first iconic object, we are exploring the “Internet of things,” or life after the PC-centric world. Our mission is to invent new objects that enable technologies, services and experiences to make the real world in which we live more intelligent, interactive, ambient, networked, rich, emotional, personalized, smart and fun.”

Mattel Hyperscan review “Toward the end of our testing period, my friend Cameron wanted to play computer-based fighting games instead. As for me, I was ready to go read a book.”

Treat your sick doll with rfid. “According to symptoms, kids must use one of the items including “syringe,” “candy” and “medicine.” The doll reads RFID tags embedded in these items and responds accordingly.”

Little Tikes MagiCook Kitchen “Comes with pretend food embedded with electronic tags (RFID) that can be read by sensors on the stovetop which then respond with the appropriate comment.”

3C products. “The confluence of social software and physical computing, as a way of making products that exist in our sensory worlds, and can therefore be part of our social experience of the environment (think activities like giving and hiding, and abilities such as peripheral vision). I’d point at both Availabot and Jaiku here.”

RFID toys. “Contains step by step guides to building various RFID based projects, and stresses the concepts involved as well as the steps themselves.”

The coming age of magic “What’s interesting about how animism relates to ubicomp is not that it literally represents people’s relationship to embedded information processing, but that it may represent at a gut level how people relate to all objects that exhibit behaviors which go beyond basic action-reaction physics.” See also presentation here.

Adam Greenfield on animism Some thoughts on animism and magic in interaction design (read also the comments here )

See also references in the Connected products brief.

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RFID may begin to enable cheap – even disposable – products that have identities and connections to a network. What are the opportunities for integrating services, infrastructure, community and online brands into physical objects?

In the longer-term, how does the economics, form and function of physical products change when every product is a service or touchpoint? What might we call this new class of service-object?

What role might the mobile phone play in this infrastructure? Future products that are too cheap, simple or small to offer screens or buttons might use the NFC mobile phone as a rich interface and a network connection. This may enable a class of devices that don’t have input or output themselves, but still offer rich interactions or interfaces.

This project should investigate the early opportunities of having identities and interactions in cheap and ubiquitous physical products.

References

Shaping Things by Bruce Sterling. “The future will see a new kind of object – we have the primitive forms of them now in our pockets and briefcases: user-alterable, baroquely multi-featured, and programmable – that will be sustainable, enhanceable, and uniquely identifiable.”

Space, Place and Things, New Rules of Tenancy within the Internet of Things. :I am trying to create what I think is an important connect-the-dots game between Internet of Things euphoria, Internet of Things dystopia and a pragmatic set of “design patterns” so that this stuff becomes legible to the “doers”.”

Neopets. Virtual pets with physical counterparts, see also Digital pets.

Build a bear. “Every Build-A-Bear Workshop® furry friend you make is stuffed with a barcode.”

Barcode Battler. “The game used barcodes to create a character for the player to use. Not all barcodes worked as players, instead some represented enemies or powerups. As well as the barcodes provided with the game itself, players were encouraged to find their own barcodes from everyday products.” See also Barcode games

Skannerz. “a series of electronic toys made by Radica Games that use barcode technology to create an interactive battle game that resembles Digimon.”

Hyperscan. “At least initially, HyperScan can fairly be described as a cross between trading card games (TCGs) and video games. It’s the first game system to use RFID technology.”

Talsmann: Using products to introduce cross-country skiing as a spare time activity in China. RFID-enabled products to introduce online information and community.

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It is likely that NFC has a role to play in the future of our interactions with infrastructures like payment, ticketing and access. But it is clear that mobile phones offer a different interface and experience to cash, cards, wallets and keys. So how should transactions be designed to take advantage of the change in interface?

One of the apparent changes is in the speed of transaction: the ability to simply touch a payment terminal with a mobile phone. There is also the ability to enter a pin number on one’s own device instead of using a terminal. With the ability to change the security level to suit individual requirements (or paranoia) this should allow payment interactions to work more efficiently and to be more secure. This is the advantage that has interested payments companies; the ability to process more customers.

But the simple assumption that increased efficiency makes an attractive new service has started to be questioned (see references). What kinds of interfaces would be ideal for transactions and how might they be implemented on the mobile phone? How might we add valuable new interactions, services or information into the transaction process that makes it more useful than simple payments?

Might there be other significant downsides as we expose our phone for every transaction? What about keeping a phone concealed for safety or the perceived risk of disclosing personal data by touching un-trusted objects?

In this project we would like you to study these emerging interactions around daily infrastructures. The project could start by studying the extensive marketing material on the proposed benefits of NFC from the mobile and payments industry. This study could form the basis of prototypes and scenarios that can be tested and evaluated by potential users. Another approach would be to design ideal ‘payment or ticketing objects’ for specific services, and to compare idealised designs with current implementations.

Of particular interest is the issue of control and visibility: the ability to control when and to whom one is transacting with; to see a history of transactions and to be able to act on that history.

References

Chau, P. Y. and Poon, S. 2003. Octopus: an e-cash payment system success story. Commun. ACM 46, 9 (Sep. 2003), 129-133. Link

Benjamin Lim, Heejin Lee and Sherah Kurnia. Why did an Electronic Payment System Fail? A Case Study from the System Provider’s Perspective. “The findings confirm the influence of EPS adoption factors identified from the literature, which include cooperation with established entities, simplicity, trust, security and mutuality of stakeholder benefits.” PDF

NFC mobile payments fail to inspire. “Rules adopted by the payment card organizations allowing U.S. consumers to make low-value purchases without signing receipts, tapping cards or other tokens to pay is not appreciably faster or more convenient than swiping the cards at the point of sale.”

Suica. “A rechargeable contactless smart card used as a fare card on train lines in Japan.”

Octopus card. “A rechargeable contactless stored value smart card used to transfer electronic payments in online or offline systems in Hong Kong.”

Mobile eCash’ could change the face of commerce “Cash or plastic? From starting with seashells, gold coins, and rewarding soldiers with salt, payment systems have evolved to keep lowering the cost of making each transaction, and separating the real item of value from the point of the transaction.”

Touchable services project: Place and product-based collaborative filtering.

See also Recent NFC news and links.

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One of the most important features of NFC is that it only works at a very short range. This ties our interactions to particular places or objects, and forces us to design applications or services that work on a local level. With internet development we have become accustomed to designing applications that service a global, disembodied set of users. The return to the local that is suggested by NFC technology is a very interesting challenge and potentially disruptive to design practice.

What information, applications and services can be usefully tied to specific places or situations?

If a service can reliably know that a user has been in a certain place, what does that information enable? What is the value of being physically present for an interaction to take place? What services are specific to the home, to the office, to public or private transport, to a specific public space or to a particular shop?

This project should consider detailed interactions between the mobile phone, services and local contexts. The project should use field studies and scenario design processes to explore services in the context of everyday objects and places. How might existing signage, advertising and urban interfaces be complemented with local interactions?

References

Attention Please!. “To explore the notion of presence, aura, and attention there is a very creative angle to be explored; “how can something attract attention?” As we are also using fixed capability RFID technology”

NFC presence. “Now I can just touch one of these tags with my phone, and a few seconds later (some delays are involved with starting the Java midlet and connecting to GPRS) the little box on the right changes to show my location. Voila: NFC-powered presence.”

Location-based service. An area full of interaction design clichés: “One example of a location-based service might be to allow the subscriber to find the nearest business of a certain type, such as an Italian restaurant.”

NFC completes Smart Posters standard. “Smart Posters are much more important to the NFC than a mechanism for giving away a few tones or setting up networking. Smart Posters have been promoted as the mechanism by which network operators can make money out of NFC.”

Touchable services, local interactions. “Students looked at how to increase the cohesion of local communities. As a starting point they studied a local record shop and looked at the intricate social and economic relationships around it.”

Annotate space by Andrea Moed. “A project to develop experiential forms of journalism and nonfiction storytelling for use at specific locations. Stories are presented through text, images and audio files that participants can download from the Web to their handheld computers and take with them to the place of interest.” Link and PDF

A list of Spatial annotation projects at elasticspace.

Redström, J., Dahlberg, P., Ljungstrand, P., and Holmquist, L.E. (1999), Designing for Local Interaction, In Proceedings of MANSE ‘99, Springer Verlag. “Much development of information technology has been about reducing the importance of distances and user location. Still, many important activities and events are of local nature, for instance serendipitous face-to-face communication. In order to support such communication, as well as other examples of local interaction, we have developed three prototypes all based on wireless short-range communication.” Link and PDF

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The landscape of RFID technology is focused on surveillance, efficiency and control. The near-future possibility of RFID implants, identity cards and passports is focused on the ability to efficiently and accurately identify people. The rush to replace barcodes with RFID is pushed by a desire to have more control and efficiency in supply chains and to reduce the risk of counterfeiting. Much of which ignores the human perspective and the imposition of this new technology is running into trouble as it begins to cross paths with public opinion, perception and protest.

But new infrastructures can certainly be designed to support useful, private, secure, bottom-up, ad-hoc and people-to-people interactions, not just transactions controlled by banks, transport systems and governments. There are open identity systems that should allow RFID to be used in a way that gains people’s trust, that allows individual control over its use.

This project should look at the issue of trust and technological innovation and adoption. It should take RFID or NFC as a case study and look at the various viewpoints that are taking control of the emerging debate. Without going into technical solutions the project could look at people-based or social scenarios around sharing, trust, privacy and perceived security in various defined contexts.

References

Rob van Kranenburg at How I learned to love RFID. “It is naive to say that RFID tags do not contain information, and thus cannot be linked to individuals: that disregards the whole history of data mining. Transparency is important, individuals should certainly have access to the information that their tags carry. This view has been fuelled by the Nokia phone that reads and writes tags.”

Matt Ward, Rob van Kranenburg, Gaynor Backhouse. RFID: Frequency, standards, adoption and innovation. PDF

Why Technical Breakthroughs Fail: A History of Public Concern with Emerging Technologies. “In the face of various public concerns, some of these technical breakthroughs have been successful while many others have been unsuccessful. This white paper examines five cases of technical launches that have taken place during the last fifteen years.”

Public Policy: Understanding Public Opinion. “As the Centre prepares to launch its EPC network it is therefore important to anticipate how the public will perceive this new technology, to anticipate any concerns and to explore ways in which the network can be improved, in order to ensure consumer’s confidence.”

Spychips: how RFID will compromise privacy, security, freedom

Privacy-Enhancing Radio Frequency Identification Tag: Implementation of the Clipped Tag. “The privacy-protecting tag, called the “Clipped Tag” has been suggested by IBM as an additional consumer privacy mechanism. The clipped tag puts the option of privacy protection in the hands of the consumer. It provides a visible means of enhancing privacy protection by allowing the transformation of a long-range tag into a proximity tag that still may be read, but only at short range – less than a few inches or centimeters. This enables later use of the tag for returns or recalls.” PDF

Smart and Secure RFID tags “The philosophy of the RFIDsec tag is that all users can read and access the part of the tags information that is authorised for their specific use, and nothing else. Strong encryption, even on passive tags, ensures that the levels of access are not jeopardised. The Access Management software ensures simple and secure user control. Hence it is possible to have data on tag. The RFIDsec tag can even operate in Silent Mode, thus eliminating concerns about leaking information and consumer privacy.” Link

See also references for RFID and the everyday

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Anne Galloway is a social researcher working at the intersections of technology, space and culture. Anne’s research in the Touch project involves looking at touch in different social and cultural contexts, in the first instance working towards Touchpædia, a reference and resource:

“I’m interested in cultural practices surrounding what can, and cannot, touch. Applied to RFID and Near-Field Communication, this becomes a question of connecting some things and disconnecting others. Put another way: whether we’re concerned with issues of technological privacy or publicity in our everyday lives, I believe we’re well served by a stronger understanding of cross-cultural examples of ritualised contact and avoidance. It’s my hope that the Touchpædia will be a step in that direction, and I’m looking forward to seeing where it might lead.”

What are the various meanings of touch, and how do they vary according to social and cultural context? How do cultural meanings of touch manifest in contemporary technology, advertising, media and in the design of technology itself?

This is an exploratory project that would involve field work, and the possibility of collaboration with Anne.

References

Introducing touch as culture and The rituals of touching, Anne Galloway on the Touch weblog.

Classen, Constance. The Book of Touch, Berg Publishers, July 2005. Link

Ackerman, Diane. A natural history of the senses, Random House, 1990. Link

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“Don’t place your bank cards, hard disks, etc. here”.

With increasingly ubiquitous wireless networks the physical world is becoming layered with a spectrum of radio waves. These fields range from massive GSM, 3G and DVB cells, through to household sized wifi and bluetooth networks, to tiny RFID and NFC bubbles. Each of these invisible bubbles offers functions or services that can be accessed from various devices. When inside the appropriate field mobile phones may be able to carry a voice call or pay for a subway ticket, laptops can transfer data, while smart cards can authorise access or payments.

What does the increasingly radio-saturated landscape – and our reliance on wireless infrastructure – mean in our everyday use of applications and services? Can we use fields as a material for creative purposes?

This is a central issue for ubiquitous computing where wireless functions or services are embedded – invisibly – into the environment. For a user, knowing what kinds of fields are available and knowing what kinds of functions, applications or services they offer may be a critical usability problem in the near future. If certain fields become critical for our use ubiquitous functions or services, how can we cope with the edges, seams and failures? Do we need to increase the usability and awareness of various radio fields?

Can we introduce certain kinds of visibility back into ‘invisible computing’? How should we visualise the available options? Should we represent them technically, according to applications or services, or should we visualise the kind of information or risk involved in the interaction?

Visual references

References

The work of Matthew Chalmers on seamful design is relevant, particularly: Seamful Design and Ubicomp Infrastructure: “In this paper, we discuss taking a ‘seamful’ design approach to ubicomp systems. Some features that we designers usually categorise as infrastructure problems may, to users, be useful interactional features. Examples include the edges and gaps in 802.11 coverage, and the patterns of where one can and cannot get GPS positioning.”

Mobile Landscape Graz in Real Time. “harnesses the potential of mobile phones as an affordable, ready-made and ubiquitous medium that allows the city to be sensed and displayed in real-time as a complex, pulsating entity. Because it is possible to simultaneously ‘ping’ the cell phones of thousands of users – thereby establishing their precise location in space at a given moment in time – these devices can be used as a highly dynamic tracking tool that describes how the city is used and transformed by its citizens.”

Photos of wifi space. “Wifi Camera Obscura reveals the electromagnetic space of our devices and the shadows that we create within such spaces, in particular our wifi networks which are increasingly found throughout cities of the developed world.”

Cell phone disco. “An experimental installation made out of flashing cells. By multiplication of a mobile phone gadget, only slightly altered consumer product, we created a space to experience the invisible body of the mobile phone.”

Usman Haque. “The domain of architecture has been transformed by developments in interaction research, wearable computing, mobile connectivity, people-centered design, contextual awareness, RFID systems and ubiquitous computing.”

Dunne & Raby, Hertzian tales. “The subject of these proposals is the role of electronic products in the aesthetic inhabitation of a rapidly dematerialising, ubiquitous and intelligent environment.”

Gadget allergy. “A university is trying to unravel the truth behind a 21st century “disease” produced by exposure to electrical equipment.”

EMF Absorption by the body. “The public are concerned about the health effects of electromagnetic radiation. Scientific research is needed to find out exactly how electromagnetic fields interact with the human body. These measurements cannot be done on live people and so calculations must be used.”

When wireless dreams come true. “Waves, a recent exhibition and conference in Riga curated by RIXC and Armin Medosch, tuned in to artistic engagements with the electro-magnetic spectrum. By exploring the material, if imperceptible, base of the information sphere, this event attempted to escape the conventional fetishisation of message over medium.”

ætherspace. “With ætherspace I would like to make hertzian space audible, make the invisible sonic. Briefly, wearable transducers/antennae would pick up the various components of hertzian space as the user walked around in the city, home, or workplace.”

Maxwell city workshop. “A workshop proposing an artistic investigation into electromagnetic substance within the city of Oslo and its surroundings.” Video

Electroprobes. “The Electroprobe allows you to listen to electronic objects while they are talking and dreaming.”

Phantom geometry and tissue-simulant liquids. “Investigating the visualisation of electromagnetic fields.”

EMF meter. “A scientific instrument for measuring Electromagnetic radiation.”

EMF fabrics & household materials, paints & plastics from Block EMF and Less EMf.

On the Effectiveness of Aluminium Foil Helmets: An Empirical Study. “Aluminum helmets serve as the protective measure of choice against invasive radio signals. We investigate the efficacy of three aluminum helmet designs on a sample group of four individuals.”

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The ‘internet of things’ is a vision of a world full of interconnected things that participate in a wider network of the internet. The idea has been driven by the proliferation of wireless networks and the increasing use of RFID in logistical applications, many see it as the inevitable result of the insatiable drive for efficiency in the globalised marketplace.

So far applications have been limited to logistics and inventory management; outside of the experience of most people. But if every product is tagged and tracked there are certainly implications for people at the consumer / user / human end of the supply chain. Although many have speculated on how the ‘internet of things’ might be interfaced from this perspective, there has been very little interaction design work towards user-needs, prototypes or testing out ideas.

With the introduction of the first NFC devices in 2004 some people started thinking of the mobile phone as a human interface for a machine-readable, internet of things world. This was driven by a desire to have more agency over ubiquitous technologies like RFID and to perhaps reverse some of the dominant structures of privacy and control imposed by RFID systems.

Do NFC devices have a role to play as an interface for the internet of things? If NFC devices become commonplace how might they be used as interfaces for products, services and brands?

In this project you should look at specific users, contexts or situations and create ideas for the way in which trackable, identifiable objects could engage with them. You could also take existing things as a starting point for new interfaces, keeping use and context in mind.

The design process here may be in danger of being fragmented, including methodologies from interaction and service design, as well as business, marketing and technology. It will be very important to lay out specific values, goals and contexts at every level in order to keep strong constraints on the project.

References

ITU Internet Reports 2005: The Internet of Things. “The report takes a look at the next step in “always on” communications, in which new technologies like RFID and smart computing promise a world of networked and interconnected devices that provide relevant content and information whatever the location of the user.

Internet of things: working bibliography. Anne Galloway traces the history of the ‘internet of things’, a lot of good sources.

Siorpaes, S, et al. Mobile Interaction with the Internet of Things. Embedded Interaction Research Group, Media Informatics Group, University of Munich / DoCoMo Eurolabs. PDF

Roduner, C. The Mobile Phone as a Universal Interaction Device – Are There Limits? Institute for Pervasive Computing, Department of Computer Science ETH Zurich. PDF

Near field interactions. Workshop on user-centred interactions with the internet of things at Nordichi 2006, October 14 and 15, 2006 in Oslo, Norway. PDF

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Many of us have experienced RFID as a way of paying for tickets on public transport or gaining access to places. But are there other ways in which RFID, through things, places and behaviour, may become part of everyday experience?

RFID chips are cheap and tiny, they can be embedded in just about anything, lasting forever without a battery. But in most situations RFIDs are also extremely limited in range, capacity and susceptible to being broken and hacked. This is the cheap and dirty end of ubiquitous technology.

What kinds of interfaces or identities could everyday things have? How might identifiable objects affect our social relationships and how might people hack or subvert these affects? What kinds of needs and desires exist around everyday things and how might these change?

Some possibilities that have been explored in the past include household objects as interfaces, urban screens that display custom media or tokens or gifts that contain personal information (see references).

Your process may involve field work, observations, material or personal object studies and interviews. You might want to create a series of scenarios around everyday behaviour from these studies that others could build upon.

References

Personal, Portable, Pedestrian Mobile Phones in Japanese Life. Edited by Mizuko Ito, Daisuke Okabe and Misa Matsuda.

Publications by Rich Ling. Lots of research into the use of mobile technology from a sociologists perspective, with a particular focus on Norwegian culture.

Institute For The Future on RFID Downloadable PDFs on the future of RFID in everyday life.

Galloway, Anne. 2004. Intimations of Everyday Life: Ubiquitous Computing
and the City. Cultural Studies, Volume 18, Numbers 2-3, pp. 384-408. Link

Mobilities in everyday life and On the persistence of the everyday. Anne Galloway.

33 Ways RFID Has Invaded Your Life Lots of current and near-future uses for RFID.

Cool, Surprising and just Plain Scary: 51 Futuristic Uses for RFID A good list of current and near-future uses of RFID, read through the list to get beyond the interaction design clichés.

What is the problem?. Good reasons why many might not want RFID in everyday life.

Frequently asked questions about NFC Mentions of everyday activities, mainly transactions, in this document from the NFC Forum.

Greenfield, Adam. Everyware. The dawning age of ubiquitous computing., 2006.

Feldman, A. Tapia, E.M. Sadi, S. Maes, P. Schmandt, C. ReachMedia: on-the-move interaction with everyday objects. Ambient Intelligence Group, MIT Media Lab., Cambridge, MA, USA. PDF

Carvey, A., Gouldstone, J., Vedurumudi, P., Whiton, A., and Ishii, H. 2006. Rubber shark as user interface. In CHI ‘06 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Montréal, Québec, Canada, April 22 – 27, 2006). CHI ‘06. ACM Press, New York, NY, 634-639. PDF

Kindberg, T., Barton, J., Morgan, J., Becker, G., Caswell, D., Debaty, P., Gopal, G., Frid, M., Krishnan, V., Morris, H., Schettino, J., Serra, B., and Spasojevic, M. 2002. People, places, things: web presence for the real world. Mob. Netw. Appl. 7, 5 (Oct. 2002), 365-376. Link

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NFC has been suggested as an enabling platform for universal design or design for all. Universal design can be summed up as: “the design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design.” (Source)

There are perhaps many reasons that NFC is seen as an enabling technology in this area:

• Touching an object with a mobile device is seen as a simple and intuitive gesture, and may be easier than interfacing through buttons
• Moving services and functions out into a physical interface may present opportunities that are not possible when navigating hierarchical menus
• An NFC device has multiple modes of input and feedback and can present information in a perceptible way across many senses

• An NFC mobile device can contain user-preferences and identification, which can present information or services relevant to the user’s needs

  So: how might NFC be used to create interfaces that are appropriate for the widest range of users?

  One of the most basic NFC interactions is using a physical object as a call or SMS request: touching an object creates a phonecall or an SMS. A common scenario is using a collection of photo frames to make phonecalls instead of accessing names through the phone menu. This can be easily achieved by attaching NFC tags behind photos or inside photo frames. But there is a distinct lack of research and testing in this area, and so far there is no proof that this is easier or more desirable for any group of users.

  In this project we would like you to create applications that use NFC in ways that makes mobile applications easier to use for a wide range of users. These applications should be designed and tested out in collaboration with a range of potential user-groups.

  References

  Access-ability A great document covering transport, ticketing, financial transactions, public access terminals, telecommunications, smart housing, smart media and biometrics, touchscreens, keypads, typefaces, pictograms, icons and symbols, audio input and output, wireless systems, training, instruction books and help facilities. 

  Universal Design – Clarifying the Concept “The principles of universal design are being applied in a growing number of spheres. In Norway, these principles have already been integrated into several acts of legislation and efforts are underway to incorporate them into even more of the statutory framework. To ensure that the principles remain operational, it is necessary to clarify the scope of the concept of universal design, and to specify more clearly the opportunities and ramifications this implies.”

  Electronic and Information Technology Accessibility Standards Section 508 makes sure that federal employees with disabilities have access to and use of information and data that is comparable to the access and use by Federal employees who are not individuals with disabilities. This document covers the basics from software and web to telecommunications and media products.

  Accessibility Guidelines for Public Access Terminals Good information on accessibility for public access terminals like information kiosks, ticket vending machines, information displays, point of sale customer card payment systems and card door entry systems.

  SmartTouch project A pilot project in Oulu is using NFC as a basis for eldercare services: “The City’s elderly care department, its catering service Oulun Ateria and logistics firm Oulun Logistiikka have been engaged in a pilot project involving ordering meals for the elderly based on touch technology.”

  Seeing Eye Phone Mentioned briefly in the ‘Touching the future’ competition winners is the Seeing Eye Phone, an NFC-based service that converts product information into synthesised speech. While this is not strictly a universal design it’s an interesting example of the mobile phone acting as an intermediary between physically located information and other senses.

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  ]]> http://www.nearfield.org/2007/06/universal-design-with-nfc/feed 2 http://www.nearfield.org/2007/06/the-universal-controller http://www.nearfield.org/2007/06/the-universal-controller#comments Tue, 19 Jun 2007 12:17:34 +0000 Timo http://www.nearfield.org/2007/06/the-universal-controller This is a design brief, one of many themes that the Touch project is investigating.

  

  Much research in ubiquitous computing focuses on the idea of a universal controller; a device that can adapt from making phonecalls to controlling the air conditioning. The mobile phone is seen as a good platform for controlling interactions in a range of other devices. It offers an adaptable interface with more diversity than most commonplace consumer appliances: a screen, sound, haptic feedback, internet/data access and the ability to process information. NFC technology offers a cheap technical platform to base these concepts on, and a set of touch-based interaction methods to start building complete interaction process around.

  But if mobile phones start to do a lot more than voice calling and text messaging, how should the mobile interface change? What does a universal controller look like, and how does it function? Should the form factor change along with the function?

  What changes may happen to the physical devices themselves? Should phones still look like phones? Should they look like wallets or keys? In the way that mobile cameras and music players have their own, dedicated buttons, do we need to consider extra physical affordances that specifically control these new functions? Should they offer robust surfaces to ease the effect of being constantly placed against readers? Where should active surfaces be placed, and how will this affect the overall usability?

  This project should consider the design of many devices for different purposes, should physically prototype many of the devices and test them out in everyday situations.

  References

  Christof, R. 2006. The Mobile Phone as a Universal Interaction Device – Are There Limits? Proceedings of the Workshop Mobile Interaction with the Real World, 8th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (Espoo, Finland, September 2006) Link

  Koskela, T. and Väänänen-Vainio-Mattila, K. 2004. Evolution towards smart home environments: empirical evaluation of three user interfaces. Personal Ubiquitous Computing. 8, 3-4 (Jul. 2004), 234-240. Link

  Hodes, T. D. and Katz, R. H. 1999. Composable ad hoc location-based services for heterogeneous mobile clients. Wirel. Netw. 5, 5 (Oct. 1999), 411-427. Link

  Myers, B.A., Nichols, J., Wobbrock, J.O., Miller, R.C. Taking Handheld Devices to the Next Level. Computer, Volume 37, Issue 12, Dec. 2004 Page(s): 36 – 43 2004. Link

  Nichols, J., Chau, D. H., and Myers, B. A. 2007. Demonstrating the viability of automatically generated user interfaces. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (San Jose, California, USA, April 28 – May 03, 2007). CHI ‘07. ACM Press, New York, NY, 1283-1292. Link

  Nichols, J., Myers, B. A., Higgins, M., Hughes, J., Harris, T. K., Rosenfeld, R., and Pignol, M. 2002. Generating remote control interfaces for complex appliances. In Proceedings of the 15th Annual ACM Symposium on User interface Software and Technology (Paris, France, October 27 – 30, 2002). UIST ‘02. ACM Press, New York, NY, 161-170. Link

  Nichols, J., Myers, B. A., Higgins, M., Hughes, J., Harris, T. K., Rosenfeld, R., and Litwack, K. 2003. Personal universal controllers: controlling complex appliances with GUIs and speech. In CHI ‘03 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA, April 05 – 10, 2003). CHI ‘03. ACM Press, New York, NY, 624-625. Link

  Nichols, J. W. 2001. Using handhelds as controls for everyday appliances: a paper prototype study. In CHI ‘01 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Seattle, Washington, March 31 – April 05, 2001). CHI ‘01. ACM Press, New York, NY, 443-444. Link

  Omojokun, O., Pierce, S., Isbell, L., and Dewan, P. 2006. Comparing end-user and intelligent remote control interface generation. Personal Ubiquitous Comput. 10, 2 (Jan. 2006), 136-143. Link

  Zimmermann, G., Vanderheiden, G., and Gilman, A. 2002. Prototype implementations for a universal remote console specification. In CHI ‘02 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, April 20 – 25, 2002). CHI ‘02. ACM Press, New York, NY, 510-511. Link

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  ]]> http://www.nearfield.org/2007/06/the-universal-controller/feed 2 http://www.nearfield.org/2007/05/touch-as-interaction-medium http://www.nearfield.org/2007/05/touch-as-interaction-medium#comments Fri, 04 May 2007 14:01:47 +0000 Timo http://www.nearfield.org/2007/05/touch-as-interaction-medium This is a design brief, one of many themes that the Touch project is investigating.

  

  In London, Tokyo, Seoul, Hong Kong and elsewhere the ‘swipe’ or ‘tap’ is already a common interaction for paying and entering in a wide variety of public situations. In the near future the mobile phone and RFID card may be used extensively for ticketing and payment across the globe.

  If we are using our mobile phones to interact with the physical world via NFC, what kinds of new interaction methods emerge on our mobile devices?

  At the moment NFC phones may give us tactile and audio feedback when we touch an NFC tag. We are then forced to look at the screen to confirm NFC actions. But one of the largest usability opportunities for NFC is reducing our reliance on screen-based interfaces. Are there are more subtle and intuitive ways of giving feedback on actions without having to look at the screen?

  On the input side we need to work out what kinds of interaction methods work between the mobile phone and the physical world. Are we dealing with touching, tapping, swiping, pointing, hitting, bouncing, squeezing? Does RFID-based interaction work with gestures? Do we need dedicated buttons that enable and work alongside RFID interactions?

  Within the interaction, we need to consider whether there are more advanced forms of interactions such as drag and drop, hold, hover, and different states beyond the simple hyperlink. In what contexts might these interactions be used? In what ways might these interactions affect people’s behaviour and activities in public places? What kinds of activities and interactions are suitable in public space?

  On the feedback side, sound, music, vibration, light and tactile feedback can all be used to create efficient, usable and satisfying interactions. Think about the richness of feedback for many senses from a game system like the Nintendo Wii, there is no reason why mobile interactions should be any less rich.

  In this project it would be good to prototype a range of interaction methods, with a range of inputs and outputs, and to test them out on a cross-section of potential users. The project might consider looking at research into tangible and haptic computing, and the human sense of proximity and peripersonal space, particularly if we are to work out how to create interactions between people.

  This brief may also consider some of the instructional and iconography issues around these interactions.

  References

  Mäkelä, K., Belt, S., Greenblatt, D., and Häkkilä, J. 2007. Mobile interaction with visual and RFID tags: a field study on user perceptions. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (San Jose, California, USA, April 28 – May 03, 2007). CHI ‘07. ACM Press, New York, NY, 991-994. Link

  Rukzio, E. Leichtenstern, K., Callaghan, V., Holleis, P., Schmidt, A., Chin, J. An Experimental Comparison of Physical Mobile Interaction Techniques: Touching, Pointing and Scanning. In Proc. Ubicomp 2006, 87-104. PDF

  Rukzio, E., Paolucci, M., Finin, T., Wisner, P., and Payne, T. 2006. Mobile interaction with the real world. In Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Human-Computer interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (Helsinki, Finland, September 12 – 15, 2006). MobileHCI ‘06, vol. 159. ACM Press, New York, NY, 295-296. PDF

  Välkkynen, P., Niemelä, M., and Tuomisto, T. 2006. Evaluating touching and pointing with a mobile terminal for physical browsing. In Proceedings of the 4th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer interaction: Changing Roles (Oslo, Norway, October 14 – 18, 2006). A. Mørch, K. Morgan, T. Bratteteig, G. Ghosh, and D. Svanaes, Eds. NordiCHI ‘06, vol. 189. ACM Press, New York, NY, 28-37. Link

  Swindells, C., Inkpen, K. M., Dill, J. C., and Tory, M. 2002. That one there! Pointing to establish device identity. In Proceedings of the 15th Annual ACM Symposium on User interface Software and Technology (Paris, France, October 27 – 30, 2002). UIST ‘02. ACM Press, New York, NY, 151-160. Link

  Ljungstrand, P. and Holmquist, L. E. 1999. WebStickers: using physical objects as WWW bookmarks. In CHI ‘99 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, May 15 – 20, 1999). CHI ‘99. ACM Press, New York, NY, 332-333. Link

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  ]]> http://www.nearfield.org/2007/05/touch-as-interaction-medium/feed 3 http://www.nearfield.org/2007/05/nfc-access-control http://www.nearfield.org/2007/05/nfc-access-control#comments Fri, 04 May 2007 13:36:13 +0000 Timo http://www.nearfield.org/2007/05/nfc-access-control This is a design brief, one of many themes that the Touch project is investigating.

  

  RFID and NFC can be used to provide access to places in the same way as traditional keys or tickets.

  This brief emerged from a frustration with existing access control systems. For interfaces of such potential simplicity they are often frustratingly difficult to use. Observe a queue forming by a train ticket gate or at a gym, and witness first-hand how an interface can cause confusion, frustration and even humiliation. Lack of feedback, delays and awkward timing make these systems some of the worst examples of interaction design practice.

  Considering the issue of access control as a whole, what kinds of interactions are needed to make access easy and humane?

  What are the variables involved in access control? How should access be visualised for users? When does access need to be easy and transparent, and when should it be obscure or even threatening? What kinds of feedback (audio, haptic, visual) can we use to make these interactions easier? In particular, how might an NFC-enabled mobile phone change access interactions? This might link very successfully with other briefs, in particular looking at how icon or graphic treatments might work and the kinds of interaction methods that are evolving for NFC interactions.

  Going further, how should RFID work within existing architectural spaces? How might architectural structure alter once we have more advanced access systems? Does the concept of ‘boundary’ change?

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  ]]> http://www.nearfield.org/2007/05/nfc-access-control/feed 1 http://www.nearfield.org/2007/05/a-graphic-language-for-rfid http://www.nearfield.org/2007/05/a-graphic-language-for-rfid#comments Fri, 04 May 2007 11:08:57 +0000 Timo http://www.nearfield.org/2007/05/a-graphic-language-for-rfid This is a design brief, one of many themes that the Touch project is investigating.

  

  RFID is being used for an increasing number of interactions with everyday infrastructures. From travelcards, keyless entry, passports and micropayments to content downloads, smart posters and digital wallets on mobile phones. Attempts have been made to represent these interactions graphically from isolated groups in academic, commercial or technical contexts. No clear or definite language has emerged.

  How do we visualise RFID-based interactions?

  There may be two initial ways of approaching this. The first approach is to think about the act or the action of the interaction: how do we invite users to touch, swipe or otherwise interact with RFID? Are there abstractions here that could allow all RFID interactions to come under one ‘brand’?

  The second approach is to think about what the interaction will do, the verb. Here you could think about purchasing, opening, closing, downloading and identifying. How do we represent those in a consistent and useful way? By looking into existing NFC research and documentation you can see the kinds of use-cases that are being designed with NFC.

  The project might also consider the physical form of RFID readers and writers in the environment. How might we redesign a ticketing machine or payment terminal with an NFC interface rather than traditional payment and selection interfaces? What is the optimum location, form and placement of an RFID reader for key access for instance. This might cross over into the other brief: RFID access control.

  Detailed brief

  This is a more detailed brief developed with Schulze & Webb in collaboration with Nokia Research. Its purpose is to create a context for graphic designers to create icon systems for RFID. It has been used at Central St Martins with graphic design students and at AHO with industrial design students.

  

  Purpose of this project

  In this project we want to design and test a range of icons that explain important aspects of RFID-based interactions. How do we visualise the presence of RFID? Are there useful ways of representing the kinds of interactions and functions involved? Is the job of the icon to indicate the active field, the verb, or the technology? At a different level, do we also need approachable graphics to alleviate anxiety, confusion or frustration? Do users know what the limits of the system are and do they care?

  There are three things to consider in each case:

  • Context around the task
  • Content of the interaction
  • Risk of the interaction

    The key question here is what elements of this can we take for granted, and what should be represented in an icon? Ideally the icons should say as little as possible, to retain simplicity and to not get in the way in the case of repeated exposure. So the task is about creating clear signs that consider context, content and risk.

    If we take the example of an NFC purchase interaction (a till or cash register), will users know whether the transaction involves giving or receiving? Will they intuitively know the risk involved? Where does the content (the amount of money) get represented?

    The graphic deliverable

    For testing we need six to ten variations of each theme:

    Generic icons

  • Abstractions and actions for ‘branding’ NFC
  • Characters
  • Metaphors

    Verbs

  • Give, pay, upload, submit share, print
  • Receive, download, sync
  • Identify, open

    Format

    The deliverable includes all the icons laid out in their categories on A3 pages, with equal spacing.

    Each icon also needs to be printed on it’s own card, 10cm across, which is roughly equivalent to the range of an RFID tag.

    The icons need to work at a distance of 2-3 metres. The resolution of lines, fills and in particular cross-hatching or shading needs to take this into account. Black and white plus a few halftones should be the most commonly used shades, the use of colour will need to be very restricted, and if used, it must be in a common palette that can be applied across a wide range of icons.

    Ideally you will have scanned images of all sketches with descriptions of the process used in their creation for future publications.

    Questions to resolve through the design, testing and iteration:

  • Do people understand what the icons mean?
  • Is there a difference between nearness and touch, does it matter?
  • Can people interpret a system of signs as similar yet different? Can people infer from this the right action, but the correct differences in function?
  • Can people identify risk from icons where appropriate?
  • Do people feel confident using the same tools for spending as they do for personal data?
  • Are there more verbs that we should investigate that are not in the standard set of pay, open, download, print and share?
  • Over an array do they identify the RFID icons consistently against other communication icons which are not connected? (against some dummies that we’d produce) measure “enough uniqueness”
  • Do people respond differently to characters, does that help recognition?
  • Can some icons be too generic? Could an icon for share be confused with pay for instance, and does this need to be clarified?
  • More questions will surely emerge during design and testing.

    References

    A graphic language for touch-based interactions. Timo Arnall. In Proceedings of Mobile Interaction with the Real World. PDF

    Mobile Interaction with Visual and RFID Tags – A Field Study on User Perceptions. Sara Belt, Dan Greenblatt, Jonna Häkkilä, Kaj Mäkelä. PDF

    Requesting Services by Touching Objects in the Environment. Jukka Riekki, University of Oulu, Timo Salminen, University of Oulu, Ismo Alakarppa. PDF

    Suggestions for Visualising Physical Hyperlinks. Pasi Välkkynen, Timo Tuomisto and Ilkka Korhonen. PDF

    Interaction Design for Visible Wireless, Noessel, C. et al., in Garfinkel, S. and Rosenberg, B., RFID: Applications, Security, And Privacy, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 2006.

    Open Here, Mijksenaar, P.,Westendorp, P., Thames and Hudson, 1999. Link

    Understanding Comics, McCloud, S., Harper, 1994. Link

    Details of the RFID passport logo. Link.

    The proposed AIM RFID Emblem. Link.

    More details on Suica at Wikipedia. Link.

    The detailed RFID Brief as presented by Schulze & Webb alongside some initial RFID work. PDF

    Read more about these design briefs.

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    ]]> http://www.nearfield.org/2007/05/a-graphic-language-for-rfid/feed 8 http://www.nearfield.org/2007/05/touch-design-briefs http://www.nearfield.org/2007/05/touch-design-briefs#comments Wed, 02 May 2007 20:19:49 +0000 Timo http://www.nearfield.org/2007/05/touch-design-briefs The Touch project has been investigating applications and services for RFID and NFC since 2005. Although RFID and NFC have been much hyped, the technologies have been relatively little explored from a design perspective. We have discovered many opportunities for original explorations, studies and design projects.

    At the beginning of 2007, as we started to run the Touch course, we decided to document some of the stronger patterns and themes that have emerged in the project. The themes are written as briefs in order to share them with with industry, researchers, designers, other practitioners and students. They assume a certain amount of knowledge about the technology and previous ubiquitous or tangible computing practice, and have been written with designers in mind.

    The briefs range from very broad to very specific, and are not designed to cover the entire field of NFC interactions. There is no brief specifically dealing with privacy or trust for instance, which are clearly central issues for RFID. Instead, issues like privacy and trust are implicit in many of the briefs like the Graphic language for RFID and Fields and seams.

    We will be publishing all of the briefs in detail and they will eventually be linked to from this post. New themes may also emerge, and we’ll publish them here. We’d be very happy for feedback and for people to take on the briefs and extend them. We’d be particularly interested in existing projects that deal with any of these areas.

    A graphic language for RFID

    RFID is being used for an increasing number of interactions with everyday infrastructures. How do we visualise these RFID-based interactions?

    Read more…

    NFC and access control

    Considering the issue of access control as a whole, what kinds of interactions are needed to make access transparent and humane?

    Read more…

    Touch as an interaction medium

    If we are using our mobile phones to interact with the physical world via NFC, what kinds of new interaction methods emerge on mobile devices?

    Read more…

    The universal controller

    If mobile devices start to do a lot more than voice calling and text messaging should the form factor change along with the function?

    Read more…

    Design for all with NFC

    How might NFC be used to create new interfaces that are appropriate for the widest range of users?

    Read more…

    RFID and the everyday

    In what ways will RFID be integrated into everyday things, places and behaviour?

    Read more…

    Interfacing the ‘internet of things

    Do NFC devices have a role to play as an interface for the internet of things?

    Read more…

    Touch as culture

    What are the social and cultural meanings of touch, and how do they vary according to context?

    Read more…

    Fields and seams

    How can we use the increasingly radio-saturated landscape for creative or functional purposes?

    Read more…

    Playful RFID

    How can we use the material and interaction features of RFID to make games, toys or playful products?

    Read more

    Connected products

    What are the opportunities for integrating services, infrastructure, community and online brands into cheap, ubiquitous objects?

    Read more…

    Interactions of transactions

    With the nature of transactions changing as NFC phones replace cash, cards and tickets how should transactions be designed to take advantage of these opportunities?

    Read more…

    Local applications and services

    What applications and services can be usefully tied to specific places or situations?

    Read more

    Alternative RFID infrastructures

    How can RFID infrastructures be designed to support private, bottom-up, ad-hoc and people-to-people interactions?

    Read more…

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    ]]> http://www.nearfield.org/2007/05/touch-design-briefs/feed 12